Changes to Bone Density Throughout the Lifespan

Changes to Bone Density Throughout the Lifespan Bone age is defines as maturity of children’s bone. It is the average age at which the child bones matures, after the birth in the long bones only metaphyses is there (eg: radius and ulna, Humerus, tibia, femur, fibula, phalanges). In long bones initially there is elongation of epiphysis. As the age progress the calcification of epiphyses occurs and it is evident on the x-ray. During puberty the bone development progress due to various hormones. The adult height is achieved after the puberty and the shape of adult bones appears during this period. The cartilaginous part of epiphyses become thinner and these areas become obliterated, during this time epiphyses are closed and no further growth of bones occurs. X-ray of wrist is taken because it depicts multiple bones and it can be compared with standard atlas of bones by using Greulich and Pyle method. The bones which occurs common changes as the age progress from infant age is seen maximum in pelvis and shoulder, the least changes are seen in wrist of infants. During infancy if the assessment of bone is required the wrist or hand x-ray can be done. The height possibility can be calculated with the help of height of the child and bone age. Various graphs and statistics are prepared to depict the % if height growth remaining as per the bone age. Various tables for girls and boys are available (bayley pinneau tables, Greulich pyle atlas). Constitution growth delay: Normal development variation with delayed bone maturation. It is due to growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism. Measurement of bone age is used for reliability in diagnosis of endocrine diseases and hereditary disease Bone age evaluation is usually done by radiological examination of the skeletal development of the left-hand, and then it is compared with the chronological age. Any abnormality in between these two values indicates abnormalities. This examination is used due 1) simplicity, 2) a minimum radiation exposure; 3) ossification centres are easily available. There is no standard clinical procedure in bone age assessment, even if the most used methods are: 1) the Greulich and Pyle (GP) method and 2) the Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2 or TW3) methods. Both methods rely on X-Ray images taken from the left hand, but both methods have differences. The Greulich and Pyle method is the most often used approach (by 76% of radiologists), because it is faster and easier to use with respect to the TW2 or TW3 methods, since it involves only the comparison of the whole hand with a reference atlas. TW3 method is a commonly accepted procedure in which the guidelines to analyze each bone are de-scribed using words (natural language descriptions), sometimes in a vague way. In addition, one particular bone may show features belonging to different stages or a particular bone shape could be classifiable into two possible predefined labels of the same feature. Bone age assessment automatic process. Image source: S. Aja-Ferna_ndez et al. / Journal of Biomedical Informatics 37 (2004) 99–107 TW3 methodology for bone age assessment consists of a set of rules, expressed in natural language, to describe the prototypical characteristics of the bones of a hand radiograph as they evolve in time. Natural solution is to use the method itself, i.e., to build one classifier for each bone, with 9 outputs (the possible classification stages for each bone—A,B,. . .,I—), except for the ulna, which only has 8 stages. In TW3 method there are two possible analytic schemes, 1) RUS, uses 13 bones (the phalanges, radius, and ulna). The other one uses 20 bones (the 13 bones previously defined and the 7 bones of the carpal region). Maturity stage for each bone in TW3 is calculated from linguistic statements. Stage D. The maximum diameter is half or more the width of the metaphysis. The epiphysis has broadened chiefly at its lateral side, so that this portion is thicker and more rounded the medial portion more tapering. The center third of the proximal surface is flat and slightl y thickened and the gap between it and the radial metaphysis has narrowed to about a millimeter. Stage G. The dorsal surface now has distinct scaphoid lunate articular edges. The medial border of the epiphysis has developed pal-mar and dorsal surfaces for articulation with the ulnar epiphysis; either the palmar or the dorsal surface may be the one that projects medially, depending on the position of the wrist. Overall, six features can be defined that capture all the text information, so they are sufficient to define each possible state. Epiphysis is absent or present. If it is absent, the output stage is A. If it is present but is small and hardly visible, the output stage is B. If it is present and well-visible, the output stages are from C to I. Separation. Relative position of epiphysis and me-taphysis: separated (stages B, C, D, E, F, and G), cap-ping (stage H), or fusion has begun (stage I). Shape of epiphysis I. Oval (stage C) or sharp (stages D–I). Diameters. Ratio between diameters of metaphysis and epiphysis. Shape II. A ‘‘sharp’’ epiphysis can have a regular outline (stages D and E), can be adapted to the metaphysis shape (stage F), or can have the articulations form (stages G, H, and I).Surfaces. Representation of inner surfaces. They can be absent (stages B, C, and D) or present as a white line (stage E), two white lines (stage F) or a c-shaped surface (stages G, H, and I). The feature values for each stage are shown in the table: Stage Presence Separ. Shape I Diam. Shape IISurf. No B Small (Yes) (oval) > 2 (no) C Yes Yes oval > 2 no D Yes Yes sharp 6 2 regular no E Yes Yes sharp 6 2 regular 1 line F Yes Yes sharp 6 2 adapted 2 lines G Yes Yes sharp 6 2 articulation c-shape H Yes capping sharp 6 2 articulation c-shape I Yes fusion sharp 6 2 articulation c-shape However, these features are not independent. As a matter of fact, some of the features are self-excluding: Shape II only takes on values when Shape I is sharp and Separation is only defined for a present epiphysis. Consequently, these features can be merged, a fact which contributes to simplify the classifier. After the fusion process, the resulting feature set is: Epiphysis. Absent or small and, otherwise, what matters is its relative position with respect to the metaphysis (separated, capping, fusion).Shape. Outline shape of the epiphysis (oval, regular-sharp, adapted-sharp, articulated-sharp).Diameters. Ratio between metaphysis and epiphysis diameters. Surfaces. Inner surfaces (absent, 1-line, 2-lines, c-shape). The new features values for each stage are now: Stage Epiphysis Diameters Shape Surfaces A Absent 1 (oval) (absent) B Small 2 (oval) (absent) C Separated > 2 oval absent D Separated 6 2 regular sharp absent E Separated regular sharp 1 line F Separated adapted sharp 2 lines G Separated _ 1 articulation-sharp c-shape H Capping _ 1 articulation-sharp c-shape I Fusion _ 1 articulation-sharp c-shape Advance bone age: Prolonged increased in sex steroids production levels: CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) Precocious puberty Genetic overgrowth syndromes: Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome Marshall Smith syndrome Sotos syndrome

Claude Monet :: Biography

Claude Monet Claude Monet was one of the founding fathers of French Impressionism. Monet's concern was to reflect the influence of light on a subject. He never abandoned his Impressionist painting style until his death in 1926 when Fauvism and Cubism were en vogue and when abstract painting came into existence. First Painting Lessons Claude Monet was born in Paris, but grew up in Le Havre. His first artistic output was caricatures when he was a little boy. Close to his home was a little shop owned by a marine painter, Mr. Eugene Boudin. He recognized the talent of the boy and gave him his first painting lessons. Claude's family was not very happy about his vocation for painting. In 1860 he was drafted and had to go to Northern Africa for two years. After his return from Africa he went to Paris and took painting lessons at Gleyre's studio in Paris. At the studio he got to know Auguste Renoir, Sisley, Bazille and others. The nucleus of the future Impressionist movement was born. Painting en plein air Soon Monet turned away from the traditional style of painting inside a studio. With his new friends he went outside in the Fontainebleau forest to paint in the open air. But the public and art critics ridiculed these new paintings that looked so different from any conventional art style. In a caricature published in a newspaper, they were mocked with the proposal of chasing away the Prussian enemy by showing them Impressionist paintings - not very nice! When the Franco-Prussian war of 1870/71 broke out, Monet chose to go to London with his friend Pissarro. There he saw the paintings of William Turner in the museums of London. The House in Giverny After 1880 the public slowly begun to recognize the value of impressionism. Monet Claude and his friends could finally get some solid income from the sales of their paintings. In 1883 Monet rented a house in Giverny about 50 kilometers outside of Paris. Later, in 1890, he bought the house where he should stay until his death in 1926. Claude Monet and Serial Paintings In 1890 Monet began to paint systematically the same subjects under different light conditions. The first subject was the haystacks behind his house. As the light changed during the day faster than he could paint, he worked simultaneously on several canvases. At the end he had painted 25 different versions of the hay stacks. More of the series paintings followed - the Rouen Cathedral, views of Venice or the Thames in London with the Houses of Parliament and other landmarks in London - often in the fog.

Justified and Ancient: Analysis

Justified and ancient. Throughout the years, the modern world has had an enormous impact on third world countries, where we continually influence them on different levels. Whether or not this is a good thing, is also continually discussed, like in this story where the theme is primarily our relations to the people from less developed countries. We usually fail to remember that we are in fact not cleverer nor superior when speaking of intelligence, just because we live in a world where electricity among other things is not an evolution, but a matter of course. These things are perfectly illustrated in the short-story â€Å"justified and ancient†, where Lee is a clear representative of the narrow-minded modern man. This confusion about the village grows as we follow Lee making his arrangements with the village president, until another happening makes the reader stop and wonder. When the deal is over the village president gives Lee a necklace worth nothing and expects the Zippo lighter in return as a â€Å"gesture of trust†. Punjee sharply announces that one must not offend the village president and Lee feels deeply pressured by this act. So why would anyone religious expect such gestures and why do Punjee and the president continually talk with mysteriously low voices in their own language? Soon the reader is about to find out. Throughout the story we have heard it all from Lee’s perspective, but as he walks out the village and sees a lady with a donkey, the perspective changes completely. Suddenly we hear everything from her point of view, which certainly changes the whole picture. From the neutral perspective of the woman, we learn that the village president actually delivers information to the local police, in favor of some money. This means that Lee will probably be caught the minute he steps into town and as it is described the policemen will enjoy this event greatly. Although the village has grown under these circumstances, which the president has created, the woman describes him as a man without honor. Surely she feels that despite the growth, corruption is too high a price to pay. What started out as giving the indication of a holy place, turns out to be a place founded on corruption. This indicates that the third world is not only influenced in a cultural way, as seen with the song, but also in their attitude towards economics and business. Materialism has had its entry in the third world, where the priorities are no longer religion or honor but in fact money. Lee’s attitude towards the Indian people, epresents the opinion a lot of western people posses. The opinion, that because we are richer, we are wiser and therefore superior to those people less fortunate. This story shows the complete opposite, because the bright one fools the less bright one, meaning that the village president fools Lee. Honorable or not the village president turns out to be far smarter than first expected, so perhaps the message of this story is, that one should never judge a book by its cover, but at least turn a few pages first.

Why Organ Donation Should Be Mandatory - 1771 Words

Mandatory Organ Donation In the United States today, people lose their lives to many different causes. Though this is tragic, there are also a large group of people who could benefit from these deaths; and those people are people in need of an organ transplant. Although a sudden or tragic death can be heart breaking to a family, they could feel some relief by using their loved ones organs to save the lives of many others. This act of kindness, though, can only be done with consent of both the victim and the family; making the donation of organs happen much less than is needed. The need for organs is growing every day, but the amount provided just is not keeping up. Because of the great lack of organ donors, the constant need for organs,†¦show more content†¦As Richard Brodsky, a New York State senator, as stated, What Ive said to anybody, whether they like it or they dont like it, we cant sustain the current system.(Matthews). Foreign countries such as France, Spain, and A ustria have the opt-in/opt-out system, and their amount of donors nearly meets the demand for organs (Matthews). The US currently has the Opt-In system, which is done by checking a little box when applying for a drivers license (Allfather). It is often ignored or looked over, causing people with viable organs to not be able to donate them even if they werent against it. But if the US were to adopt and opt-out system, then someone saying they didnt want to be a donor would be as simple as checking that little box then applying for their license (Nelson, Murray). This system would make for many more available organs, and maybe even make the availability high enough to wear it meets the needs of the country. Donating an organ is the ultimate gift any person could give, simply because it saves the life of another. Giving the gift of life is far more important than the right to decide how to dispose of a body that a deceased person will no longer need. When a person is dead, and no longe r needs the body, then in all reality a person whom is dying, and could easily be saved by an organ from the deceased personShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation Persuasive Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesyour fingers. You wish you could help, but you can’t. Someone else can. An organ donor. According to organdonor.gov, about 116,000 U.S. citizens are waiting on the organ transplant list as of August 2017. To put that number into perspective, that’s more than double the amount of people that can fit into Yankee Stadium. And to make matters worse, 20 people each day die waiting for a transplant.(organdonor.gov) Organ donation can offer patients a second chance at life and provides comfort to the recipientRead MoreOrgan Donation1090 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Why organ donation should be mandatory Audience: College Students General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade people to want to become an organ donor and the benefits of being one Proposition: You should become an organ donor Organizational Pattern: Statement of logical reasoning Introduction: Attention Getter: Organ donation is an amazing thing, saving many lives every year. Roughly 152,000 people die every day and 55 Million die each year yet, there is 116,000 peopleRead MoreOrgan Donations after Death730 Words   |  3 PagesOrgan Donations after Death The process of gift giving is the act in which someone voluntarily offers a present for someone else, without compensation. Across all nations, people in need of transplants sit on a waiting list while the war on organ donation ethics continues. After death, one person can help as many as eight people by donating their organs. Organ transplantations raise singularly difficult ethical in its requirements in its obligation for donated organs. Mandatory organ donationsRead MoreOrgan Donation Should Not Be Mandatory2643 Words   |  11 Pagesrequired you to need an emergency organ transplant. The only thing that could save your life would be an organ from another person s body. Imagine that your loved one is dying of kidney failure and they are in dyer need of a new kidney. There is a person who just passed away from an unknown reason, who meets the qualifications of being a match to your family member. The only thing stopping the process of the organ transplant is that the deceased pe rson is not an organ donor. There s a person somewhereRead MorePros And Cons Of Organ Donation1176 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan DonationAfter Death: An Annotated Bibliography Moritsugu, Kenneth P. The Power of Organ Donation to Save Lives through Transplantation. Public Health Reports. Association of Schools of Public Health, 2013. Web. 14 June 2017. . Organ and tissue donation are important and could be difference between life and death in some cases. In this article Kenneth Moritsugu is a former Acting Surgeon General of the United States and shares his experiences with organ donning and how it can change livesRead MoreFinancial Compensation for Organ Donation Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesreceive a life-saving organ donation, yet only one out of four will ever receive that precious gift (Statistics Facts, n.d.). The demand for organ donation has consistently exceeded supply, and the gap between the number of recipients on the waiting list and the number of donors has increased by 110% in the last ten years (OReilly, 2009). As a result, some propose radical new ideas to meet these demands, including the selling of human organs. Financial compensat ion for organs, which is illegalRead MoreOn January 5Th, Five Days Into The New Year, Five Year1804 Words   |  8 PagesList for a heart. Although her small size and rare blood type made it difficult to find a match, her family still clinged onto a glimmer of hope. On February 16th, Jaclyn celebrated her 6th birthday at California Pacific Medical Center, one of top organ transplant facilities in the nation, under careful medical supervision. She was still fighting and still waiting for that perfect match that could save her life. On March 2nd, six year old Jaclyn Miller passed away. She had been on the National TransplantRead MoreThe Article Need An Organ933 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"Need an Organ? It Helps to be Rich,† by Joy Victory informs readers of how medical systems work for those who are in need of an organ transplant. In the article, Victory talks about a 34-year-old man named Brian Shane Regions - who is in need of a heart transplant, but is not abl e to secure one because he is not insured. Therefore, not having insurance, Brian is put into an unfortunate situation because he is simply not getting any treatment for his heart failure. This is a great exampleRead MoreThis Paper Provides Information Of Why Organ Donation Is1838 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper provides information of why organ donation is so important, and it gives some awareness of different studies related to the subject. While for some people organ donation is not an easy decision because of lack of understanding on the subject, for others is a decision that is highly rewarding. Additional examples and statistics are provided of people who believe that organ transplants not only saves lives but it also provides the recipients with the possibility of a better quality of lifeRead MoreOrgan3116 Words   |  13 PagesHowever, instead of letting our healthy organs be eaten by insects and decomposing it we can try to save a person in need. Based on donate life Amer ica, an organizational team who support and encourage people to sign up to be an organ donor and according to their information and research there are more than 117,294 people of all ages and gender currently on the wait list for an organ transplant in United states concurrently. â€Å"The process of organ donation can save as many as eight lives through the

Saint Marys College Indiana GPA, SAT and ACT Scores

Prevention And Prevention Of Bullying - 2671 Words

Bullying is one of the most talked about epidemics in around the world today. The current public perception concerning bullying is very divisive. The general consensus the majority of people have is that bullies torment others in order to mask their own fears. It seems as if we should feel remorse for bullies who are just suffering from their own insecurities. By tormenting others, bullies gain a sense of self-importance (Lehman, n.d.). However, bullying is by no means an adequate justification for dealing with their fears and insecurities. We are missing the point if we keep dealing with bullying this way. When it comes down to it, power over others is the key factor that drives bullies. In the following sections I will explain the origins of bullying, and explore studies done concerning it. Additionally, I will detail prevention policies currently in place. In conclusion, I will lay the groundwork for a policy of my design for the intervention and prevention of bullying in midd le schools. The leading cause of death among children under fourteen is suicide. People need to realize is that the reason behind many of these suicides is bullying. To the public this is known as bullycide (Marr Field, 2001). Today lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students carry the highest risk of being bullied. According to a 2007 study conducted by the Gay Lesbian Straight Education Network (GLSEN), about 86% of openly LGBT students had experienced harassment in some form (AboutShow MoreRelatedBullying Prevention2457 Words   |  10 PagesProblem of bullying in schools Problem-solution essay Final draft Academic Reading and writing I Nurman Assima (ID: 20110635) November 25, 2011 Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Due to the fact that problem of bullying negatively affects students learning ability, their health and the entire school climate society should take definite and urgent measures to solve it. II. Background * School bullying is a kind of aggressive and angry behaviour. *Read MoreBullying Prevention And Treatment Of Bullying1289 Words   |  6 Pageshold the key to change through successful prevention and treatment of bullying. Teachers are essential where their own behavior and interactions with students are critical to enhance their development. In order to eradicate or prevent bullying, teachers need to be aware and recognize that bullying is a serious problem. Although appropriate action is taken when bullying occurs, this topic will continue to be a painstakingly issue to solve. The Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre at Trinity CollegeRead MoreBullying Prevention Programs1962 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Bullying Prevention Programs Bullying Prevention Programs Bullying Prevention Programs Table of Contents TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc337737939 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc337737939 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc337737940 Synopsis of Bullying Prevention Program PAGEREF _Toc337737940 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc337737941 History of Olweus Bullying Prevention Program PAGEREF _Toc337737941 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc337737942 Purpose and Goals of Olweus Bullying Prevention Program PAGEREFRead MorePrevention And Intervention Of Bullying Behaviors918 Words   |  4 Pagesa major role in prevention and intervention of bullying behaviors. Studies repeatedly suggest that bullying can be significantly impacted if teachers, students, student groups, administrators, and parents worked together to stop bullying (Mount, 2005). Social services can be useful through afterschool programs, specifically educating youth who might be at a greater risk of bullying and victimization. Social services can also work with parents to discuss parenting styles and attachments. Based onRead MoreCyberbullying : Bullying And Bullying Prevention Programs Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesKowalski, Limber (2012) originally wrote Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age after working together on various bullying prevention programs and collaborating on research pertaining to cyberbullying. The authors goal is to educate parents, teachers, and the community about the growing cyberbullying problem among children and adolescents. An additional goal of the authors is to empower adults, amongst our youth, to prevent bullying. Many adults, whether in the community or in the school environmentRead MoreThe Olweus Bullying Prevention Program2486 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Bullying Prevention There are many social problems in the US and throughout the world today. One of the most significant of those problems is bullying (Macfarlane McPherson, 2004). More than 160,000 children avoid school each day because they are concerned about being bullied or because they have been bullied and are too afraid to go to school (Macfarlane McPherson, 2004). Cyberbullying - the use of a computer or other electronic device to bully someone - is also on the increase. That canRead MoreAnti-Bullying Prevention Proposal6403 Words   |  26 PagesRisk Prevention Proposal – XYZ High School Anti-Bullying Program 20130228 Juvenile Justice Prevention Program Proposal Section 1. DESCRIBE THE TARGET GROUP The direct target group is the current freshman class at suburban middle class XYZ High School (XYZHS). Naturally, as the sophomore, junior, and senior classes matriculate through the school, they will be indirectly affected by the program and expected to hold true to the lessons and values taught in the anti-bullying curriculaRead MorePrevention And Intervention Of Cyber Bullying Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesPatchin set worth to study the topic of cyber-bullying, since there wasn’t much research on the topic up until that point. In Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard (2009), the authors paint a picture of the online aggressions adolescents are facing on a daily basis. Hinduja Patchin (2009) included stories of victims, ongoing research on cyber bullying, and an overall review of current legislature pertaining to the topic. The authors also highlight prevention and intervention strategies to educate studentsRead MoreThe Act Of Bullying Prevention Center Essay1102 Words   |à ‚  5 Pageswere the victims of this bullying. Also 13% of students have often been called insults based on their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and disability (National Bullying Prevention Center, 2016). The act of bullying have increased enormously in past five years in the United States. Worldwide, schools are intended to be safe places for students to learn valuable skills and grow. However, students will likely face negative experiences, such as bullying, which may cause them a lifelongRead MoreFederal Government Prevention of Bullying2962 Words   |  12 PagesFederal Government Prevention of Bullying We have all heard the words; the words that tear us down and break us apart. A person can only bend so far before they break. No one is immune to it, we are all capable of bullying. By no means is bullying right; often times the repercussions of being bullied are devastating. Although there is no Federal law currently in place to prevent bullying, there are discrimination and harassment laws and many states have anti-bullying laws; there is hope for the

Sustainable Practices for Kitchen Work-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Supervise and Support team members by identifying two possible areas for improved practices and resource efficiency in kitchen work area. Describe two staff practices and how they could be improved to save power. 2.Analyse and document Current Purchasing Strategies through observation, and identify three stock items(ex food items) which could be substituted to apply continuous improvement to resource efficiency. Answers: 1.In a kitchen work area, there are several kitchen appliances such as fridge, mixer grinder, microwave oven, gas oven, coffee maker. These electrical appliances use electrical energy as the source of energy while the gas oven utilizes the gas as a source of energy. Water is also major component here which can be considered as a resource that aids in cooking. Hence, the two possible areas where the team members can focus are the cooking gas and the electricity (Epa.vic.gov.au, 2017). Because, these two resources are often improperly used which leads to wastage of such resources. One effective way of identifying resource utilization is to check the daily and monthly consumption of cooking gas and electricity; the pattern of utilization reveals the improper usage. This step is effective in determining the possible areas of resource wastage. Staffs practicing proper methodology depends on their training and effective work management. Hence, both the effective utilization and improper usage of the resources depend on their knowledge and expertise and work area management. Thus, the prime concern is effective utilization of resources and minimization of its wastage (Sustainability.vic.gov.au, 2017). It is normal practice that the perishables are kept in cold storages, hence they consume a lot of power if left open or used too frequently. Thus minimizing their usage in quick succession results in saving electricity. On the other hand, effective utilization of cooking gas also depends on using the cooking oven effectively. The oven when not in use must be kept unlit and the rate of flow must be controlled depending on the usage. 2.The current purchasing strategies include buying from a single vendor which is providing quality food items and another strategy involves buying from multiple vendors who are able to depending on their expertise and quality assurance. Products that cause environmental damage is neither good for humans nor good for the environment. Hence, it is necessary to buy products that are environment friendly and biodegradable. Purchasing strategies often include purchase from vendors that provide advantageous prices, taking supplies from such vendors that are located in geographically vulnerable regions puts the supply chain in risk (Monczka et al., 2015). The quality of the product often gets compromised, such products get adulterated and their standards not always to the mark. The three stock items which could be substituted to apply continuous improvement to resource efficiency are: food items like tofu, tempeh, seitan are made from soybean extracts are good substitutes for meat items providing the requisite amount of protein that are originally contained in meat products. Heart-healthy food items like watercress, arugula and spinach can be used as a substitute for other leafy products like iceberg lettuce and romaine, because these lack the important vitamins (Polimeni, 2012). Also extra virgin olive oil can be used for cooking in replacement of butter because extra virgin olive oil is both good for heart and it is tasty. References Epa.vic.gov.au. (2017).Epa.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 16 November 2017, from https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/~/media/Publications/1255.pdf Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Polimeni, J. M. (2012).The Jevons paradox and the myth of resource efficiency improvements. Earthscan. Sustainability.vic.gov.au. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me.Sustainability.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 16 November 2017, from https://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/-/media/resources/documents/publications-and-research/knowledge-archive/archived-publications/archive-sust-vic-bus-serv-learner-guide-10111.pdf?la=en